- databases using Groovy.
- Java classes from Groovy, and vice versa.
- relational databases from Grails.
- simple web application using Grails.
- object-oriented programs in Groovy.
- unit and functional tests for web applications.
- model-view-controller web applications using Grails.
- process XML files in Groovy.
- Groovy builders to reduce complexity.
- Groovy control structures.
- existing Java classes and libraries.
- Groovy closures.
- unit tests in Groovy.
- dynamic languages differ from languages like Java or C#.